Scientific Theories Instrumentalism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 585 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? The view that scientific theories do not describe reality and that they are mere tools for prediction describes instrumentalism. In a nutshell, the view describes scientific theories such as those of mathematical-logical conception among others. This essay will focus on instrumentalism, the mathematical-logical conception of scientific theories and how the view leads to instrumentalism of scientific theories. Philosophy of science springs around several enigmatic issues that philosophers are striving to unravel, deduce their meaning and bring into light their sole concepts. There is a view that the concepts of science, as well as the theories, is a factor determined by the extent to which these concepts and theories make precise empirical predictions or resolve technical problems. However, the same concepts and theories are never determined by their correspondence to authenticity in some sense or whether they are factual (Barker and Kitcher pp. 34). The expression that scientific theories should be reflected as gears for resolution of possible glitches rather than as an evocative description of the natural realm is a view that defines instrumentalism. Instrumentalism questions the sense of thinking of uncertain terms as conforming to external realism; a sense that opposes scientific realism. This refers to the view of scientific realism as not only a mere generator of scientific predictio ns but also to precisely describe the realm. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Scientific Theories : Instrumentalism" essay for you Create order Mathematical, logical conceptions of scientific theories provide a great deal in the explanation of scientific concepts and theories. In this sense, a set of axioms with their rational consequences defines a theory. This explanation is figured out in the history of natural sciences where Newton and Descartes tried to copy Euclid in the presentation of definitions of axioms, rules, and postulates. Development of new tools of mathematical logic presented a more clear understanding compared to Euclid’s axiomatization model which later failed (Barker and Kitcher pp. 34). Other philosophers who were experts in the field demonstrated how Euclidian model could be recast into a theory in a far logical sense. Their aim was further inclined towards working similarly on the other scientific theories such as the theories of evolution and relativity where the project was a success especially in the fields of physics. A general conception was inspired by the project where scientific theorie s promised to explain the proper use of technical languages. Apart from the reasonable and mathematical terms, scientific theories are self-evident schemes with suiting terminologies divided into a pair of parts. The observational language is the one that contains terms that can be studied and apply to things in the visible part of nature while the theoretical lingual involves the terms; illogical expressions that cannot be so erudite. Meaning is appended on the theoretical language because the underlying rules link its practical expressions to phenomena that can be observed. The theories so far have faced some technical difficulties with one of them being the idea that rational proposition shows that every philosophy has an opposition with axioms understood primarily in observational terms yet with observational consequences that are similar to those of the primary (Barker and Kitcher pp. 34). This has led to the adoption of instrumentalism by some philosophers as a response to such difficulties; the view that theories are tools for the exped ient forecast of observable occurrence. Despite the fact that scientific realism and instrumentalism entangle to some degree, both have been explained to an amicable level that provides more than an average distinction. However, mathematical, logical conceptions, as well as other scientific theories, revolve around the concepts explained in the two antagonistic philosophical logics

Racism America And The Deep South - 1688 Words

Racism in America and the Deep South The deep south: Georgia; Louisiana; Alabama; Mississippi and South Carolina is a place foreign to many in the Western World. Although, being within the same country, it is clear that the ‘land of cowboys’ couldn’t be more different than the beaches of California and the skyscrapers of New York. However, it is easily one of the places in which property and land can be bought cheapest. This can be traced back hundreds of years to when the slave market was first established. When cotton was first found to be extremely useful in the 1800s it was discovered that the deep south had perfect conditions to grow the crop. Many plantations were created and by 1850 four million African and African-American slaves were living down south, with most of them working on the plantations for up to 16 hours a day. Owners taught their slaves Christianity in order to learn about slaves being loyal to their masters as in many accounts in the bible. T hose owners of plantations with excess of 100 slaves were some of the richest people in the US with many sending their children to schools in the North or even abroad. Despite the budding economic growth, the industry collapsed in the 1860s, with the appointment of Abraham Lincoln as president. As the first Republican president appointed Lincoln’s presidential campaign included the promise of abolishing slavery in the USA, although this was not a popular view with those living in the deep south at the time,Show MoreRelatedEssay On Racism In To Kill A Mockingbird952 Words   |  4 Pages The courthouse in the book To Kill a Mockingbird is represented as an old, traditional setting in the deep south, and with traditions of the deep south comes racism. In giving Scout a lesson in how racism works, Atticus also does the same for the readers. On the syllabus of this conversation: the power of language, not only as a way to shame those who don’t toe on the racist line, but also to set the terms of the debate. Racists use â€Å"nigger-lover† to suggest African Americans special rights.,Read MoreSimilarities Between To Kill A Mockingbird And To Kill A Mockingbird936 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Grisham stated that To Kill A Mockingbird greatly influenced A Time To Kill. Although some important differences exist, both To Kill a Mockingbird and A Time to Kill explore racism and injustice, the plot and characters share many similarities, and the intricate relationship between blacks and whites in the Deep South is explored. The main themes between the two stories are injustice and racial prejudice. The main focus of a A Time To Kill is the trial of Carl Lee Hailey, a black man accusedRead MoreWhen Faced With The Debate Between The Relationship Between1326 Words   |  6 PagesWhen faced with the debate between the relationship between slavery and racism, scholars often use two arguments that attempt to provide an answer of whether or not slavery produced racism or racism was a necessary precursor to slavery. Some authors address the relationship between slavery and racism by exploring the economics behind slavery while relating it back to the development of chattel slavery and racism. Others explore how the views Europeans had on Africans prior to the mass enslavementRead MoreCultural Critique- Racism803 Words   |  4 PagesCultural Critique Unfortunately, in this time and age, racism continues to be an issue in the American society, especially in the south. Since the introduction of slavery, many people have the belief that skin color determines someone’s ranking in life. After the freedom of slaves, racism became a big problem in America. As a result, other races look down upon many different cultures and ethnic groups believing that they are superior to others. Racism has lead to people discriminate against one anotherRead MoreA Time to Kill: the Story of Struggle from Racism1331 Words   |  6 PagesThe Struggles with Racism A Time to Kill demonstrates how much racism, inequality, and segregation was going on in the early to mid 1960’s. The movie shows how African Americans were divided from white people in every circumstance. Inequality was very common for African Americans, and they were shut off from the rest of the public because of the color of their skin. Racism has always been a major conflict and it still remains with us in our society today. A Time to Kill really unfolds howRead MoreAnalysis Of The Film The Watsons Go At Birmingham Essay959 Words   |  4 Pagessubjects: history of the Civil Rights Movement emphasis on race, North vs. South in America during 1963, and the impact of the Birmingham Church Bombing. 5. My working thesis is currently as follows: The movie, The Watsons Go to Birmingham, portrays how society treated African Americans during the 1960s. Kenny Watson, the lead character, shows the viewers how he sees the world through his eyes as a child while facing with racism and violence in Birmingham, Alabama during the summer of 1963. I. Introduction:Read MoreThe Confederate Flag And Its Racist857 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the most trending topics in America right now is the Confederate Flag and whether or not it s racist. 42 percent think the flag represent southern heritage and the other 42 percent think it s racist and should be taken down. 75 percent believe it s racist and only one in ten will agree that it is southern heritage. Depending on what region is asked about if it is racist, there are different answers. The Midwest say it is racist and the south, of course, say it s not racist. A poll showedRead MoreEssay on Racism: The Root of All Evil1375 Words   |  6 PagesRacism is not new, it has been around for thousands of years. Even in the book full of love and peace; it carries several instances of racist people. Around 1140 B.C. a lovely new widow and her mother-in-law come to Jerusalem to start their lives over and to be accepted by the people of God. Unfortunately the widow, Ruth, was not one the â€Å"chosen† people. She was a Moabitess, considered heathen to the Jewish people. Ruth, wanting to glean in the fields so she and her mother-in-law could eat was shunnedRead MoreAnalysis Of Langston Hughes s The Crucible 872 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica today, is looked at to be the most â€Å"free† country’s to live in. To many people in today’s society, they see America as a great place to live and that you can accomplish or get anything that the person wants. However, there are some key points that Langston Hughes shows in his two poems that can show a reader how America being perfectly â€Å"free† is not the case. Langston Hughes makes three key points in Open Letter to The South and Let America Be America Again, which are America’s equality,Read MoreWhy I Chose This Picture1187 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica is commonly referred to as the veritable â€Å"melting pot.† Individuals from all walks of life come to the U.S. in the hopes of achieving the American Dream. What began as a land of indigenous people has matured into a haven for cultural diversity. For the most part, these differences have strengthened the country. Nowhere else on Earth can a citizen enjoy French cuisine, partake in Chinese New Year festivities, and listen to live performances of Jamaican reggae all in the same day, in the same

The Expansion Of The Jewish Population - 868 Words

Before World War II there had been Jews living in Eastern Europe since before the Medieval Ages. It seems as if the Jewish population had grown accustom to their ever changing role in society, based off of who was in power and in what area they lived. There had always been persecution towards Jews based off of their religious practices, which seemed foreign to their neighbors all across Eastern Europe. Despite the consistent religious persecution Jews found ways to assimilate into their new surroundings while keeping their faith alive. For a long time Jews believed that as long as they could continue praying, follow the Torah, keep Kosher, and participate in charity everything would be all right. Once modernization began in Eastern Europe there were numerous changes for the Jewish population. During Enlightenment new ideas came into practice which allowed for new economic opportunities, jobs, and housing. Previously, most Jews lived in shtetls, small rural village communities, but now they were starting to move toward the cities. Modernization also allowed for the creation of modern Jewish institutions and the secularization of their faith. These changes ended special protections and lead a charge towards the emancipation of Jews across Eastern Europe. New economic opportunities allow millions to emigrate, and 1.5 million take advantage of that opportunity and move to the United States. Through industrialization many Jews move into the cities in order to partake in theShow MoreRelatedTransportation : A Small Country, Israel s Primary Mode Of Transportation1276 Words   |  6 Pagesupgrades and expansion of rail stations and adjacent parking areas are some of the projects either planned or underway. Current projections are for the system to carry 40 million passengers by 2010, a huge jump, compared with the fewer than 3 million passengers that used the system in 1990. Israel’s primary air hub is in Ben Gurion International Airport, located near the city of Lod, about 15 km (9 mi) southeast of Tel Aviv. Having operated since 1936, the airport has undergone several expansions as theRead MoreAnti Semitism By Jacob Von Konigshofen1196 Words   |  5 PagesSince the beginning of Jewish history, there has always been an underlying feeling of anti-Semitism. The most well-known acts of anti-Semitism was the atrocities of the 20th century obliteration of the Jewish population within Nazi Germany. While this is the most commercialized, it certainly was not the first and only acts of anti-Semitism. From the sack of Jerusalem to the Crusades and later Hitler’s Final Solution, anti-Semitism has been a far reaching and invasive opinion of the masses. The â€Å"CremationRead MoreHow The Holocaust Was A Long Term Plan1461 Words   |  6 Pagesplan and Berghahn who argues that it was a reaction to the circumstances brought about by expansion duri ng world war two. All of the historians agree to a certain degree that the extermination of the Jewish people from Germany was a long term idea of Hitler’s, but it is at the point where ‘idea’ becomes ‘plan’ that they differ. The efforts the Nazi party expended on carrying out their ‘final solution to the Jewish question in Europe’ involved changing the structure of a whole country’s economic, socialRead MoreThe Romanov Dynasty That Ruled Russia From 16131605 Words   |  7 Pageswithin their control. The Jews bore the brunt of this persecution as they experienced strict laws governing their rights and constant threats of violence. Tsars throughout the Romanov history acted to strengthen their Orthodoxy by punishing the Jewish population in order to drum up support for their own regimes and domestic and foreign policies. The status of Jews in Eastern Europe was never a pleasant or hospitable one. Jews lived lives banned from certain parts of the area and within ghettosRead More Trinity of Beliefs Essay1361 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween the Jews and the Christians. At their first emergence the Christians were considered a sect of the Jewish faith by both themselves and other Jews. However, the relationship between the different sects and the rest of the Jewish community became increasingly problematic as Jesus teachings were considered blasphemous by the Romans. Jesus all embracing theories and disregard for Jewish law made his movement all the more loathsome to the Jews. This is the primary reason for the stormy relationshipRead MoreGenocide : A Complex Item1569 Words   |  7 Pagesamounts of people helps keep the world safe from over population and also helps keep people afraid of their superiors. Although using genocide as a solution is a very harsh choice of action, it has helped keep populations of races down, and has also shown civilians what the power of their government is. The purpose of keeping the civilians in order is so that there are no uprisings, or rebellions. But Adolf Hitler had no interest in keeping his population down, or preventing a rebellion. Hitler was solelyRead MoreThe Holocaust Memories759 Words   |  4 Pagesworld domination would continue until his goals for racial purity and spatial expansion would one day be his driving force behind his foreign and domestic policy. In March 1933, the first official concentration camp opened at Dachau. In 1933, Jews in Germany numbered around 525,000. Under the Nuremberg Laws of 1935, to be considered a Jew, you would have to have three or four Jewish grandparents and those people with two Jewish grandparents were considered half-breeds. This law made Jews open targetsRead MoreThe Holocaust And Western Imperialism And The Holocaust1271 Words   |  6 Pagesthese campaigns, many of the people doing the killing, believed that it was for the greater good. Western imperialism used the notion of bettering the native population and expansion in order to justify their mass killings. On the other hand, the Holocaust rationalized its mass killings by making its main purpose the bettering of the population of Germany with its own form of ethnic cleansing. Western imperialism and the Holocaust were rationalized by a false sense of bettering society, with the imperialistsRead MoreHow is the extinguishing of the Jewish and Native American races similar?1743 Words   |  7 PagesI will be researching extinguishing of the Jewish and Native American races; the reasoning behind the atrocities, the suffering, and the aftermath. Both groups of people were stripped of their rights. The Native Americans were simply denied their rights and in Germany, during World War II, the Jewish population’s rights were taken away. The plight of the Native American expanded over a longer time period, but there race was practically eradicated. The systematic state-sponsored murder of six millionRead More‘the Final Solution Evolved Because of the Chaotic Nature of the Nazi Regime in the Y ears 1939-42.’ How Far Do You Agree with This Opinion?1465 Words   |  6 Pagesas there was a lack of formal policy with dealing with the Jewish Question. An exemplar example of this is the conquest of Poland by which it was split into district regions called Gau by which a Gauleiter was in charge of each district. By 1939 all the Gauleiter were pushing to have the Jews removed from their territories so as soon as one Gauleiter transported his Jews East another Gauleiter found himself with an increasing Jew population. This then escalated by 1941 as pressure came from Gauleiter

Why the Population Increase in Nigeria - 1805 Words

POPULATION GROWTH The absence of virtually any reliable current demographic data has not prevented national and international bodies from generating estimates and projections of population and population growth in Nigeria. The World Bank estimate of Nigerias 1990 population was 119 million, with an estimated annual growth rate of 3.3 percent. Although other sources differed on the exact figure, virtually all sources agreed that the annual rate of population growth in the country had increased from the 1950s through most of the 1980s. The government estimated a 2 percent rate of population growth for most of the country between 1953 and 1962. For the period between 1965 and 1973, the World Bank estimated Nigerias growth rate at 2.5†¦show more content†¦This pattern of population distribution has major implications for the countrys development and has had great impact on the nations post independence history. Migration from rural to urban areas has accelerated in recent decades. Estimates of urban dwellers reveal this shift--in 1952, 11 percent of the total population was classified as urban; in 1985, 28 percent. One-sixth of the urban population, or approximately 6 million people, lived in Lagos, and in 1985 eight other cities had populations of more than 500,000. Overpopulation can result from an increase in births, a decline in mortality rates due to medical advances, from an increase in immigration, or from an unsustainable biome and depletion of resources. It is possible for very sparsely-populated areas to be overpopulated, as the area in question may have a meager or non-existent capability to sustain human life. Urbanization is the process whereby a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period). Whether due to natural causes (high birth rates) or through migratory movements (rural-urban exodus), the increase of population makes competing user-demands on land and other scarce natural resources. It also puts pressure on the environment and leads to social tensions among different interest groups. This is an age-old problem, common to all parts of the world. However, in the socio-economicShow MoreRelatedEssay on Population Demographics1330 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Population Growth Rate: Highest to Lowest Rat e Nigeria: 1st Egypt: 2nd Mexico: 3rd India: 4th USA: 5th China: 6th Italy: 7th 1.How do you suppose living conditions differ between the countries furthest along in the demographic transition compared to the country earliest in the transition? How would living conditions in these two countries affect both birth and death rates? The living conditionRead MorePopulation Growth And Poverty: Nigeria1166 Words   |  5 PagesPopulation growth is one of the biggest issues that the human species can face no matter where it is occurring in the world. For years ever since the 1960’s, the world’s population growth rate has been rapidly increasing and in some cases doubling. With the rapid growth of population come many challenges that people have to face and Nigeria is no exception. Nigeria, a country located in West Africa, is the sixth most populous country in the world with a total population of over 167 million (Rosenthal)Read More Poverty in Nigeria Essay983 Words   |  4 PagesPoverty in Nigeria Nigeria is one of the leading oil producing countries in the world. It makes billions of dollars annually, yet the majority of the population lives in poverty. With around 70% of its people living with this problem it is also one of the poorest countries in the world ( Nigeria s economy dominated by oil ). One of the major contributors to this problem is government. Because the country is well known for its lack of leadership the money made through oil trade is kept by richRead MoreNigeri The Western Coast Of Africa1151 Words   |  5 PagesNigeria is located on the western coast of Africa, surrounded by Benin, Cameroon, and Niger. This country is known to have one of the largest populations among the African countries. Falola (3) says that not only it has large population, but also its land size is a little bigger than the size of the U.S. state of Texas. Nigeria has about 170 million residences which is about half of current population in United States. In other words, Nigeria has a very dense population regarding its size of landRead MorePoverty : A Very Frightening Scenario That Has Played Out Time Essay1406 Words   |  6 PagesPoverty is a very frightening scenario that has played out time and time again in Nigeria. Researchers point out in statistics showing that â€Å"in 2012... The National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) reported that the poverty crisis in Nigeria varied by region, sector and gender, and impacted Nigerian youth, children and mothers more than the adult male population†. The nature and causes of poverty have also been examined. According to the World Bank, â€Å"poverty is an outcome not only of economic processesRead MoreSingapore And Nigeria s Health Care System Essay1625 Words   |  7 PagesIn many countries, both poor and wealthy, access to care is crucial to one’s health. Throughout this paper both Singapore and Nigeria will be compared to each other based their access to care for the entire population and the impac t on the society the countries make. Singapore is known to have the most cost effective health care systems, whereas Nigeria is known to have very little to no advancements in their health care system. â€Å"Singapore is one of the most cost effective health care systems dueRead MoreThe Issues of Breast Cancer in Nigeria Essay1552 Words   |  7 Pagesmajor one. There is a huge hole to be filled in the area of breast cancer awareness in Nigeria. An article posted in the ‘The Daily Trust’ titled, â€Å"Breast Cancer amongst us† claims â€Å"Nigeria is one of the many places in the world where breast cancer and other life-threatening diseases are discussed in whispers, if at all discussed† (Ade, 1). According to Chukwuma Chiedozie, in his book â€Å"Cancer†, breast cancer in Nigeria can be dated back to 1974 (653). He also states it was diagnosed in 217 Nigerian womenRead MoreMalari An Health Problem That Can Be Stopped Essay1430 Words   |  6 Pa gesMalaria: An Health problem that can be stopped. Nigeria has different health problems affecting the people in the country from communicable disease to infectious disease. Communicable disease like tuberculosis (TB), pertussis (whooping cough), cholera to infectious disease like diarrhea caused by either bacterial or protozoal, typhoid fever, malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, Lassa fever, meningococcal meningitis and rabies. The health problem that will be address will be a vector borne diseaseRead MorePossible Success Of The New Global Panorama1721 Words   |  7 Pagespanorama. In general terms, if we compare Nigeria and Turkey GDPs, we see that in only eight years Nigeria has narrowed the gap between them. If we would continue the trajectory, both countries would converge and probably exchange their paths. It is possible because, according to the latest data in the World Bank, GDP annual growth averaged is bigger in Nigeria (6.3%) than in Turkey (2.9%), although Turkey has a higher GDP (see appendix D). Figure 2: Nigeria and Turkey’s GDPs (US current $) (Source:Read MoreThe Education System Of Education1733 Words   |  7 Pageswith increasing infrastructural facilities. These urban migration also leads to shortage of skilled and unskilled labour in the rural-urban areas. Rural employees always seek better jobs in the urban areas. (Bolakale S, 2010) ïÆ'Ëœ The urban areas in Nigeria have access to better health care facilities. Qualified medical personnel, clean environment and the patients are well attended to. Unlike in the rural areas where they lack well trained medical staff. Clinics are mostly operated by auxiliary nurses

How The Taiwanese Developed their Government Free Essays

According to Thomas Gold Taiwan offers a text book case of an elite-led revolution leading to social transformation. The stability of hard authoritarianism of the Taiwanese government laid the groundwork for Taiwanese development. The KMT’s cohesiveness and political domination plus the economic development aid supplied by the United States also helped to provide good conditions for Taiwanese growth in the beginning. We will write a custom essay sample on How The Taiwanese Developed their Government or any similar topic only for you Order Now Once the KMT gained control of Taiwan they redistributed the land and launched a program of rehabilitation and industrialization. This period was responsible for the nationalization of many businesses formerly owned by the Japanese and the start of industrial production in Taiwan marked by a shift away from agriculture to industry. During the early period of industrialization Taiwan tried to create domestic markets for its goods. During the period from 1960 to 1973 Taiwan pursued export expansion in the area of industrial goods. During this period U. S. aid directed at Taiwan declined as did the islands geopolitical significance. To make up for this decline Taiwan focused on increasing its exports. The rowth of the Taiwanese economy during this period according to Gold laid the ground work for the growth of opposition movements and loosening of the KMT†S grip on power. According to Gold this was because the changes in the Taiwanese economy brought about a middle class, a better educated populace, and a dispersion of industry through out the country. The Period from 1973 to 1984 Gold calls the time of industrial upgrading and the emergence of a political opposition. During this period Taiwan faced the oil shock, and increase in export prices due to a labor shortage that doubled workers alaries, a further loss of geopolitical prestige, and the growth of dissent and political opposition. Taiwan industrially during this time improved the quality and quantity of its exports. The Taiwan industrial model was that of a elite run bureaucracy that tightly controlled its nations citizenry in authoritarian ways. This authoritarian government was able to effectively channel the energies of Taiwan toward modernization. This authoritarian government became a victim of its own success because as living and education standards rose the citizenry demanded a shift Taiwan is not a very good industrialization model for other countries to use outside of East Asia. This is because many of the factors that allowed Taiwanese industrialization were unique to Taiwan. First, Taiwan was colonized before 1950 by a developmentalist power, Japan to which is had close ties even after 1950. Second, Taiwan was the recipient of financial aid during its critical early years because of a inter-core competition for hegemony between China and the United States. Third, Taiwan benefited by having a implacable foe with a very different vision of development. Fourth, Taiwan was given breathing space following 1949, this enabled Taiwan to revive production and consolidate power without foreign powers interfering. All these factor make Taiwan unique from other nations that would try to copy it. One of the elements that nations should not copy from the Taiwan Model according to Gold is Taiwan’s harsh authoritarian government which was much too strictly authoritarian and had a hard time changing as the attitudes of the Taiwanese people changed. (Gold’s book was published years before the 1996 democratic elections n Taiwan) But Gold does say that Taiwan’s development model does have some lessons that could be copied in other nations seeking to industrialize. These are a official commitment to development, land redistribution, fostering of agriculture, creation of extra-ministerial ministries to guide development, strategic credit allocation, collection and efficient management of data concerning the economy, investment in infrastructure and human capital, and proper allocation of foreign assistance. Taiwan’s development model was a combination of an orwellian state and effective ways of industrializing. How to cite How The Taiwanese Developed their Government, Essay examples

Accounting Theory and Current Issues Bio Sustainable Feed Ltd

Question: Discuss about theq Accounting Theory and Current Issuesfor Bio Sustainable Feed Ltd. Answer: Introduction The Bio Sustainable Feed (BSF) Ltd is an Australian based bio research company, listed in ASX, the stock exchange of Australia. For last two decades the firm is engaged in making the plant based fish feed in sustainable aqua culture feed. But as the plant based feed as a research result of the company comes in the market, there were some drawbacks identified by the Environmentalist and the research failed. It was seen that the growth of the fish is remarkably slow mainly for the sea fishes. The reason for this was analysed and found that those fishes are basically small fish eaters like tuna, salmon etc. and the plant based feed is not working on them properly. Also the fatty acid which is good for health for human heart was less in quantity. Already the research cost of 360 million AUD was lost. CBC also asserts that the conversion ratio is very poor. It is also observed that the plant based feed is not resolving the problem and one third fish have died but the growing time is almost double plus the mature fishes were small in size. Environmentalist protests that the human quality foods are being used for luxury fishes which are leading towards poor low value fish production. This may be a reason for malnutrition. The firm got some subsides for doing the research work to develop an alternative aquaculture feed from research(Mediacongo, 2015). Nature and the Value to Society: The BSF ltd is a bio-research firm, and the main objective of BSF is to produce high quality fish feeds for the society. They decided to transform the oil based and meat based food to vegetable food for fishes. The vegetable feeds consist of fruit, beans nuts whole grains etc. but the problem arises in different way. The vegetable feeds were not suitable for the sea fishes or big fishes as they mainly eat the small fishes, and meat. The impact on them was bad, the growth reduces, almost one third fishes died in recent years. As a result the quantity of fatty acid reduces. It is also researching on the bacteria-based feeds and they are trying to find out the fish feeds, out of sugarcane residue, wood chips extra. The firm is trying to find out the alternative way to make the fish feeds from the bio research for last two decades. They shifted to plant based fish feeds which can affect health and eating the seafood will be safer and healthy. There are lots of funding received by the firm to accomplish the research work, as the work recycles the natural sources and the possibility of harmful substances reduces in the food. The animals as well as the human are getting the proper food value and proper nutrition from the resource. As the aquaculture rapidly growing in every nation the contribution of aquaculture to the fisheries is also expanding rapidly. The research focuses on the reformulation of diets for Nile tilapia, arguably the second highest firmed food in the world. The research led towards the plant based feeds for the fishes is not only diet and nutritious food for fishes but also it provides the proper food value to the human who consumes the food. The ingredients are extracted from canola, soy corn, nuts etc. The 24% of fish feed was made in 2000 and it is expected that the figure will reach to 7% in 2020. Research shows that the fish feed, if replaced by the locally grown plants and planktons, the growth of fi sh is remarkable and it reduces the death rate of the fishes also. It increases the food value of the fish. The aquaculture environment may now include the nutrient to the food and pesticides runoff(Fry, 2015). Early Problems: The research was based on plant based food for the fishes, food ingredients are from plants like sunflower soya bean etc. The problem begins when the big fishes failed to survive on that. At that time already 120 million wasted. The big fishes are those fishes which eat the other fishes like Tuna, salmon etc. As most of our favourite seafood is carnivorous and we have to feed them the fishmeal, the plant based meal will not work for them. In the year 2016 when CBC found the plant based feed is not resolving the issues, rather the growing time of the fishes became almost doubled, mature fishes look smaller than the normal size. Fish farming has become very popular now a days and the sector is growing rapidly outpacing the diary and beef industry. So at this time this sifting of food habit was very essential. With the usage of the plant based food, the conversion ratio was not improved as it was expected. These failure was compounded by the environmentalist as they said this shift coul d impact on health issues as well as the environmental effect on the seafood. As we get the Omega 3 fatty acid from the sea food which will reduce our heart problem. The research says that the usage of plant based feed will reduce the fatty acid quantity from the sea fish, which can affect the human health. Before using the plant based feed the fish farming industry should evaluate and analyse the environmental as well as the human health impact.(Emily, 2016) Research and Development: The research and development is the primary phase of one product life cycle. The R D is basically an investment activity; the outcome is an intangible asset. The development of the entire process of designing the product, marketing and catering the product, BSF has designed, planned the product, way of collecting the plant feed and how to market the products, whom to sale. On the other hand I would say research is the continuous process, the research and more research make the products more innovative and research work can fix the existing issues(Jantzen, 2013). Here product was initially launched for the fishes and the outcome of the research showed the findings like the sea fishes are not growing that much, the fatty acid contents becomes drastically low, now further research is required to overcome these issues. The research is a continuous process for the company. As the fishing firming or the aquaculture is rapidly growing all over the world, everyday there will be new challenges to face and the duty of the research team will be to fix the issues. Companies funded more when the existing product becomes outdated or the competitors come with superior quality. Sometimes product development is a whole thing from designing to selling. As the first step of developing a product, every company should have the R D department and invest more on this to upgrade the R D. the desired outcome is also a new innovation. Innovation is co related with R D, the new development, design, the application is innovation. Initially when the BSFs plant based feed failed to thrive, the company research on that to find out the solution, use of bacteria based food which will be produced from wood chips, methane gas, sugarcane residue etc. and to some extent the research was successful(Lothe, 2013). Market Value Patent: Patent is related to the intellectual property, it is the creation of mind. This patent is very important for pharmacy companies. It was expected the market value patent would be around $700 million AUD, this is mainly the cost for research and developing the product. Patents are the exclusive rights of a company. The patent is the asset for a company, as long as the patents are there, company gets the royalty on that. Fair market value of any asset is the cost of the asset in the open market. Fair market value patent is the value of the patent in the open market. As the patent is the intellectual property, the property in an intangible asset for the company. The calculation of patent is not fixed and it depends on the type of patent as well as the open market condition. As the bacteria based feed is a remarkable innovation and the usage of this product will change the feeding process of the fishes and the sea fishes, as well as this will be beneficial for the eco system and human he alth, the acceptability as well as the necessity creates a huge demand in all over the world. (Backman, Maurie, 2016). It is assumed that the product will be acceptable will give the satisfactory result as it is beneficial for human as well as fish. Journal Entries for the RD Transactions from 2013 to 2016: Date Particulars Debit ( in AUD) Credit( in AUD) 09.07.2013 Bank A/c debit 500 million CSIRO grant a/c Credit 500 million Being grant received from CSIRO 12.09.2014 Research a/c debit 140 million Bank A/c Credit 140 million Being expenses incurred in research 15.10.2014 Fixed Assets a/c debit 50 million Research a/c credit 50 million Being fixed assets procured for research 22.09.2015 Research a/c debit 180 million Bank A/c Credit 180 million Being expenses incurred in research 10.02.2016 Research a/c debit 180 million Bank A/c Credit 180 million Being expenses incurred in research 19.04.2016 Development a/c debit 100 million Bank A/c credit 100 million Being expenses incurred in development Justification of CSIRO grant and R D expenses of BSF Ltd:- Grant account deposited in bank on 9th July, 2013- As per grant from CSIRO First instalment on research expense had been allocated on 12.09.14- As per the condition laid by CSIRO. Procurement of fixed assets for research purpose had been done on 15.10.14-As per requirement of the research process. Second instalment of research expense had been allocated on 22.09.2015- As per the condition laid by CSIRO. Third instalment if research expense had been allocated on 10.02.2016- As per the condition laid by CSIRO. The expense on development had been spent on 19.04.2016- As per decision of BSF management. Reason for Assertion: With the rapid growth of the aquaculture industry, the researchers invented the plant base food for the fishes. The plant based food soon replaces the normal organic food of the fishes but recently new research has come up with the findings that the plant based food may affect the human health as well as that can slow down the growth of fish. BSFs researchers were trying to find out the new resources and they had invented the bacteria based food which will be brought from wood chips, sugarcane residuals, methane gas etc. Really it is a remarkable invention also. They have received the grant to do the R D from CSIRO, the scientist of this organisation spent long 10 years for development the feed activities. Turning meat eating fish to vegetarian diet was a challenge almost all over the world. The research is going on as research found that due to the deficiency of omega 3 in fish eating fish may cause a bad health for human as well as on the growth of the fish, research shows that th e fishs reproduction capability has dropped down and the matured fish is not grown as expected. These failures were compounded by the environmentalist as they said this conversion could impact on health issues as well as the environmental effect on the seafood. We get the Omega 3 fatty acid from the sea food which will reduce our heart problem. The patent is the intellectual property thus the property in an in tangible asset for the company(Mediacongo, 2015). The calculation of patent is not fixed. It depends on the type of patent as well as the open market condition. The BSF asserted the patent value as $700 million AUD if it is sold in two years and $200 million if it is sold in ten years(Ft, 2016). To support this there are few organisations that have supported the company to carry the research work, as the research is a continuous process and the inflow of the fund is very important. Companies funded more when the existing product becomes outdated or the competitors come with superior quality. Sometimes product development is a whole thing from designing to selling. The value of patent depends on the intellectual property. In the case BSF planning to coming out with new bacteria based feed which will be made from wood chips, methane gas, sugarcane residue etc. which is exclusive as well as the product will be unique because of one research and development of such product. The appropriate discounted rate is 8% Per Annum (Capitalcube, 2016). References: Backman, Maurie, 2016. How Is the Fair Market Value of Stock Determined? [Online] Available at: https://www.fool.com/knowledge-center/how-is-the-fair-market-value-of-stock-determined.aspx [Accessed 25 September 2016]. Capitalcube, 2016. Patties Foods Ltd. Value Analysis (ASX:PFL) : January 22, 2016. [Online] Available at: https://www.capitalcube.com/blog/index.php/patties-foods-ltd-value-analysis-asxpfl-january-22-2016/ [Accessed 19 September 2016]. Emily, 2016. Giving farmed fish plant-based food comes with complications. [Online] Available at: https://marinesciencetoday.com/2016/03/23/plant-based-aquaculture-complications/ [Accessed 25 September 2016]. Fry, J., 2015. Shift in farmed fish feed may affect nutritional benefits of eating seafood. [Online] Available at: https://hub.jhu.edu/2016/03/14/changing-fish-feed-nutritional-benefits-omega-3/ [Accessed 25 September 2016]. Ft, 2016. Patties Foods Ltd. [Online] Available at: https://markets.ft.com/data/equities/tearsheet/financials?s=PFL:ASX [Accessed 19 September 2016]. Chen, J.M.R., n.d. https://www.journals.elsevier.com/food-bioscience. [Online]. Jantzen, L., 2010. https://sciencenordic.com/search/apachesolr_search/fish. [Online]. Jantzen, L., 2013. Fight fish disease with fish. [Online] Available at: https://sciencenordic.com/fight-fish-disease-fish [Accessed 25 September 2016]. Lothe, R., 2013. Fish feed-research may help reduce world hunger. [Online] Available at: https://sciencenordic.com/fish-feed-research-may-help-reduce-world-hunger [Accessed 25 September 2016]. Mediacongo, 2015. ToR Audit BSF-IA Final. [Online] Available at: www.mediacongo.net/docs/jobaof/2015/wv_tdr_anglais_20150418.docx [Accessed 17 September 2016].

Emergence of sociology free essay sample

Sociology is ‘the study of the development, structure and functioning of human society’ and therefore is pertinent to our very existence as human beings. Sociology shines a revealing light on our everyday practices and examines the question why do people do that? Sociology today has emerged as an attempt to understand why our past behaviour and our past beliefs are part of the times we live in. The emergence of sociology began as an attempt to understand what are the determining factors of the world changing. As has been pointed out by Rocher, G. Introduction to Sociology pg. 210 Macmillan Co. of Canada 1972), the advancement of the study of sociology, and its principal support, is its desire to understand modern society much better. Sociology research was developed to try and describe these changes and to predict future events. To understand modernity and why it is impressionable, it is important to compare current society with that of the past. We will write a custom essay sample on Emergence of sociology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When we examine the changes in social behavior we see that these changes result from the adjustments in industrial development and religious beliefs. Society shifts with the introduction of new technologies and the availability of education throughout and thus allows us to understand what developments have occurred and why they have come about. Sociologists such as Marx, Comte and Durkheim explore the development of sociology today and examine what has brought about the shifts in society. These founders of sociology look to understand why these changes came about. Comte, Marx and Durkheim became aware of the need to study society in its current form as opposed to the tendency of past philosophers on imagining the ideal society (Macionis, Plummer, 1997, p. 15). One factor, which has had an immense impact on the change and development of society, was the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution began in England during the second half of the 18th century. The industrial revolution involved a transition from heavy reliance on agricultural production to reliance on the manufacture of goods. According to (A. Gliddens and P. W Sutton, Sociology seventh edition, page 72 Polity Press 2013) The industrial revolution radically transformed material conditions of life and ways of making a living forever, initially bringing with it many new social problems such as urban overcrowding, poor sanitation, disease and industrial pollution on an unprecedented scale. Social reformers looked for ways to mitigate and solve these problems, which led them to gather evidence on their extent and nature to reinforce the case for change. It also created new profound changes in the economics of society. Many peasant workers left their agricultural work to go and seek work in industrial factories in the overgrowing cities. The developments during the industrial revolution resulted in a shift in transportation, the introduction of the steam engine and as a direct result the availability of information. Industrialisation bought about great wealth and improved living conditions for some but it left the large majority of workers with poor living and employment conditions. The working class was devoid of any industrial rights and the use of children in factories provided cheap labour. The system proved that only some people were profiting whilst the greater number of people worked for longer hours and received lower wages. This led to dissatisfaction and as a result led to the labour movement and other radical movements dedicated to overthrowing the capitalist system. The industrial revolution forced many people to move into urban areas and the expansion of cities led to an increase in social problems, which attracted the attention of sociologists. Sociologist, Karl Marx was very critical of the capitalist society in his writings and was actively political to encourage its failure. Since the early 19th century it is clear that the industrial revolution transformed mans living conditions and his social organisation. The industrial revolution saw massive changes in society by the destruction of the feudal system and the establishment of capitalism, which is a key area of discussion within sociology. The industrial revolution provides us with answers as to how things have changed and the influence it has had on our modern society therefore it can certainly be noted as a factor contributing to the emergence of sociology. Sociology explores topics, which help us to understand the reasons for how our modern society is today. As pointed out by A. Giddens and P. W Sutton (Sociology seventh edition, introduction, Polity Press 2013) the task of sociology is to understand and explain an ever- changing social world. As discussed in the previous paragraph, Sociology emerged in the wake of the major transformations wrought by the industrial Revolution which had disrupted the previous type of social order and changed the human world forever. Although social change did not simply stop in the 19th century and we can see how our society is still developing and changing as a result of the ever-changing technological developments and industrial inventions still affecting our lives today. Another effect on our changing view is the effect religion has had on society. Many sociologists came from religious backgrounds and sought to understand the place of religion and morality in modern society. Today religion does not play as much of a prominent role in society as it did in the past. In Ireland, for example, Catholicism has suffered an enormous loss of faith in the last 20 years as a direct result of the sexual and physical abuses carried out by people in the religious orders. These abuses opened the door for open dialogue on the morality of the religious and standards and hold they have had on society. There has been a shift in values as to the importance of practicing ones religion in the developed world as opposed to the continued stranglehold religion still has on the countries of the developed world. It remains debatable how benefiticial the process of secularisation will have long term on society. Sociologists question the reasons why the changes of beliefs and the importance of religion have come about. Sociological approaches to religion have been influenced by the ideas of Marx, Durkheim and Weber. Marx himself writes about religion: religion, he says is the heart of a heartless world a heaven from the harshness of the daily realities of capitalism. (A. Giddens and P. W Sutton Sociology seventh edition, page 723,Polity Press 2013). Although it may not be widely agreed with, Marx believes that religion should and will disappear. This view can be said to be shared by the writings of Richard Dawkins in his book â€Å"The God Delusion†, where is argues that â€Å"Religion is not only irrational but potentially deadly†. Durkheim had quite different views towards religion as that of Marx, it is said that Durkheim did not focus on the significance of religion until later on in his career, this proves that religion can not be avoided as a factor of the development of sociology. There have been so many factors which have influenced the many changes in our society, each century has seen the development or discovery of an idea, an invention, a new thinking process and these changes have effected the way society views itself. With the advent of new ideas and technologies we bring the world closer together and sociology helps us understand the world as a whole.