Scope And Limitation Of The Study Environmental Sciences Essay

Scope And Limitation Of The Study Environmental Sciences Essay For a country facing recurrent drought, with severe consequences for development, the need for irrigated agriculture cannot be overlooked. But the countrys capacity to support agriculture through development of irrigation has been weak (Mengistu, 2000). Ethiopia cannot hope to meet its large food deficit through rain-fed agricultural production; the country could still face millions of tons of cereal deficit for decades to come (Desta, 2004). The Government of the Republic of Ethiopia in the Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy (1999) states that Ethiopia endowed with relatively higher amounts of rainfall in the region and has a surface runoff of about 122 billion m3 of water and 28,000 Mm ³ ground water. A number of studies made in the field confirm that if the countrys water resources are developed to cater for irrigation, it would be possible to attain agricultural surplus enough both for domestic consumption as well as for external markets. The abundant water resources have earned Ethiopia the name the water tower of East Africa (United Nations Development Programme 2006). However, even had this estimated water potential, the country cannot meet its food security. Although, water resource potential is said to be abundant in Ethiopia, it is clear that even by the low standard of African countries, Ethiopias use of its water resources is limited. Cognizant to this fact, the government has taken initiatives towards developing irrigation schemes of various scales (Desta, 2004).The government of Ethiopia as stated in its Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), has recognized the importance of water and increased its focus on water resource development and utilization to achieve food security (FDRE, 2000). Irrigation is one means by which agricultural production can be increased to meet the growing food demands in Ethiopia. Irrigation can also stabilize agricultural production. Ethiopia indeed has significant irrigation potential. Realizing the potential irrigation development can contribute towards food security and improved welfare, the Government has embarked on wide range of water development efforts throughout the country. Since 1950s there are mixed experiences with promoting irrigation and other modern agricultural technologies in the effort of intensification. In the last decade, small-scale irrigation and rainwater harvesting are central to Ethiopias new policy and strategy on agricultural and rural development. In some parts of the regions, where there are scarce and erratic rainfall, there is evidence that irrigation has achieved positive impacts: better opportunity for production, better income, reduction of risks, and hence generated benefits for poor rural communities. The importance of intervening irrigated agriculture in the economy of developing countries results from the fact that rain fed agricultural system is not capable of supplying the desired amount of production to feed the increasing population. Irrigation is not needed for any inadequacy in the total supply of water by rainfall only, but because of the inadequacy of this supply at certain times of the year. This inadequacy of moisture will surely lead to the reduction of plant growth (Briggs and Courtney 1989 as cited by Mintesinot, et.al, 2004). Therefore, Irrigation is used in order to combat periods of moisture stress so as to fulfill the crop moisture requirement and increase the production. Irrigation practice is an expensive one in case of if we construct huge dames or high river diversions, and in many cases can only be applied with profit to high value crops. But it can be cheap for areas having high ground water potential and the water is easily accessible through hand dug wel ls. The country has highly-diversified agro-ecological conditions which are suitable for the production of various types of crops. The crops are produced under rain fed and irrigated condition. Cereals dominate Ethiopian agriculture, accounting for about 70 per cent of agricultural GDP (Ethiopias Agricultural sector policy and investment framework, 2010-2020). Over the past decade, cereal production has more than doubled to nearly 15 million tons, as a result of horizontal expansion and increased yields (Ethiopias Agricultural sector policy and investment framework, 2010-2020). Nevertheless, food security remains a critical issue for many households, and for the country as a whole. Moreover, expansion of the cropped area to more marginal lands has led to severe land degradation in some areas (Ethiopias Agricultural sector policy and investment framework, 2010-2020). To alleviate the challenges of food insecurity in the country promotion of irrigated agriculture was given priority (Mekuri a, 2003). Thus, hand dug well construction has become one of the activities both by the individuals as well as the government. Agriculture and rural development has been the central pillar of successive national development and poverty reduction plans and remains so under the new five year growth and transformation plan (FYGTP) announced in August 2010. There is a need, however, to increase development efforts and resources targeting high-potential rain fed areas and irrigation development, in order to accelerate productivity growth, agricultural led industrialization and long-term food security. Thus groundwater has become an important source for irrigation and it has become an integral part of the irrigation strategy to overcome food scarcity in many developing countries including in Ethiopia. Such efforts have helped to expand irrigation with time particularly from 1950s the expansion has been rapidly increasing (Rosegrant et al., 1999). Most agricultural production is used to meet household consumption needs and, for a very large number of households, there is a prolonged hunger season during the pre-har vest period. In all increasing productivity in smallholder agriculture is Governments top priority, recognizing the importance of the smallholder sub-sector, the high prevalence of rural poverty and the large productivity gap. Productivity enhancement however, must be complemented by efforts by introducing effective practices towards the farmer to help farmers from purely subsistence farming to semi-subsistence/ semi-commercial status practicing farming as a business and to adopt more sustainable natural resource management practices in order to arrest and reverse environmental degradation. But this may not achieved only by using rain fed agriculture, rather by conjunction use of surface water and ground water without affecting the environment. Therefore In order to achieve these far-reaching and ambitious objectives, Irrigation development perceived as one of the strategies with the potential for solving this problem and to be food self-sufficient. The government of Ethiopia has an irrigation development strategy, which aims to develop over 470,000 ha of irrigation by 2016 as promulgated in the Water Sector Strategy of 2001. Of this development, 52% will be large and medium scale schemes while the remaining 48% will be small-scale schemes (Government of the Republic of Ethiopia 2001). Because of the ambitious government plans to expand small scale irrigation in Ethiopia, and in view of increasing demand of water for various purposes like agricultural, domestic, and industries, a greater emphasis is being laid for a planned and optimal utilization of water resources. Even if Ethiopia has high surface water potential, due to uneven distribution of rainfall in both time and space, the surface water resources are unevenly distributed coupled with increasing water user sectors, may lead to conflict among water users, especially agricultural sector. To narrow this gap and increase productivity per drop of water, surface water alone is not the best solution. Considering this issue; giving emphasis on development of ground water resources for those areas having high ground water potential is crucial. Problem Statement Water for agriculture is increasingly recognized as a major constraint to improving the lives of the rural poor and is an important component of rural livelihood programs that need to be yet strongly established in Ethiopia. Irrigation has contributed significantly to poverty reduction, food security, and improving the quality of life for rural populations. The majority of existing traditional and modern irrigation schemes are micro level in size. Many of these schemes are based on stream and river diversions but some may be dependent on small dams and perennial springs which show ground water potential for irrigation did not get emphasis. Fogera is one of Blue Nile basin area in Ethiopia and known by flooded plain. The woreda has high ground water potential. Now a day there is irrigation practice in the area for production of vegetables, horticulture (onion, tomato and purple) and in some extent maize. Even if there is such practice in the area, beside high ground water potential al most all farmers are used two perennial rivers called Rib and Gumara as a water source for their irrigation crop production using motorized pump. But the beneficiary farmers are those having farm land near or around streams, while those farmers bounded with these rivers and have not farm land around the stream waiting until the rainy season to cultivate crops. Recently increasing in number of water users for crop production and other uses; the stream flow become drying the downstream especially starting from February to April. This leads to crop failure and reduction in production plus conflict among the up- stream and downstream water users. To solve this problem and participate in irrigation those farmers have not farm land around the streams and bounded by two streams, conjunction use of ground water and surface water for irrigation crop production is important. However, to assure these identifying opportunities and major constraints of the community that makes passive on ground water uses for irrigation crop production is primary task to the area having high ground water potential. Researchable Questions For a specific study of ground water constraints linking with issues of the use for irrigation crop production, a number of questions can be raised. The study tries to address the following major research questions: What are major constraints of the community to use ground water for irrigation crop production? Are the communities aware about their ground water potential for crop production? What types of practices were implemented in the area to promote ground water uses for irrigation crop production by different Governmental and Non-Governmental Organizations? General and Specific Objectives In the Fogera plain groundwater is important source that can be used for irrigation crops year around. Reducing dependency on rainfall and stream water for crop production little has known about the potential use of ground water in the area. Rain fed agriculture alone cannot be insuring food self-sufficiency for the country having uneven distribution and erratic rainfall. Rather in addition to rain fed, implementing irrigation schemes according to water source potential weather surface or ground water is important. For those areas having high ground water potential, ground water may serve as a water source for irrigation crop production and increase income. But to use this precious natural resource actively and efficiently tackling obstacles related to ground water use for irrigation crop production is the primary task. This paper will investigate constraints in the Fogera Woreda on ground water uses for irrigation crop production. In particular it will:- Identify major constraints why farmers are not used ground water for irrigation crop production. identifying major constraints of the community on ground water use for irrigation crop production, makes easy to decision makers to solve communities problem on ground water irrigation using different approach and makes the community fear to use ground water for irrigation. Evaluate communities awareness about the area ground water potential uses for irrigation crop production. It is important to community to make them self-confident about their natural resource. If they are sure about their resource, they will remove their doubt and cultivate any perennial (chat) or seasonal crop which makes them profitable. Assessing best practice if there is, to promote ground water use for irrigation crop production in the area by different Governmental and Non-Governmental Organizations. Assessing best practice done in the area on ground water use for irrigation is important for the community to scale up from one kebele to another. Significance of the Study Ethiopia has developed a 15-year water development project for the period 2002-2016 in order to enhance the appropriate and comprehensive water use policies. It ensures multiple uses of this vital resource among various users. Among the water sectors agricultural water use has got the most attention through the strategy called Agricultural Development Led Industrialization (ADLI). The intervention of the plan is to address most of the supply-demand gap within 15 years time through increasing the number of large, medium and small-scale irrigation schemes. In addition, the Government of Ethiopia (GoE) recognizes, community managed small-scale irrigation water schemes as viable alternative to privatization and state ownership of the resource. To see this intervention on stand and to use available water sources; identifying major opportunities and constraints of irrigation water sources is milestone for beneficiaries, thus contributing to increased productivity. Water management policies are also important to avoid and manage conflicts and ensure the participation of low level communities. In this regard, the findings of this study will contribute to narrowing the information gaps regarding the organizational and institutional context, management practices and collective action regarding ground water use for irrigation, and the major problems of ground water irrigation development at the grass-root level. Therefore, the outcome of this study may serve as a source of additional information for policy makers and planners during the design and implementation of irrigation development programs and prospects. Scope and Limitation of the Study This study is based on a cross-sectional data for the time period of 2010/2011 aimed at assessing major constraints of ground water use for irrigation crop production in six kebeles of Fogera Woreda, i.e. Nabega, Kideste Hana, Wagetera, Shena, Shaga and Kokit. The major limitations of the study relates to the unavailability of secondary data needed to supplement the primary data. Secondary data on detailed soil type for each kebele, specific type of training they took on irrigation, yield of previous production seasons, soil type of the area, amount of water they apply to the crop and others were needed. In response to this limitation, we used triangulation data collection method, while we were collecting the data. Due to resource and time limitations, the study had to focus on only a few most important questions.

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The desk exerts an upward force on the book that is equal in magnitude to the gravitational force. Draw a free-body diagram of the book. 7. Draw a free-body diagram of a football being kicked. Assume that the only forces acting on the ball are the force due to gravity and the force exerted by the kicker. 8. Draw a free-body diagram for each of the following objects (show size of force with big or small arrow): a. A projectile accelerating downward in the presence of air resistance. B. A crate being pushed across a flat surface at a constant speed. 9. Define Equilibrium. 10.Can an object be in equilibrium if only one force acts on the object? 1. If an object is at rest, can we conclude that no external forces are acting on it? 12. An keg car is moving at a constant speed of 1. Mom/s. What is the net force on the car? 13. If a car is traveling west with a constant velocity of mom/s, what is the net force acting on the car? 14. If a car is accelerating downhill under a net force of NON, what additional force would cause the car to have a constant velocity? 15. Is it possible for an object to be in motion if no net force is acting on it?Explain. 16. An object thrown into the air stops at the highest point in its path. Is it in equilibrium at his point? Explain. 17. A large ball is placed on a bed off truck but is not tied down. A. Explain why it is wrong to say, â€Å"as the truck accelerates forward, the ball slides across the bed until it hits the tailgate. † b. If the driver slammed on the brakes, what would happen to the ball? 18. A space explorer is moving through space far from any planet or star and notices a large rock, taken as a specimen from an alien planet floating around the cabin of the ship.Should the explorer push it gently or kick it toward the storage compartment? Why? 19. Identify the action-reaction pairs in the following situations: a. A person takes a step. B. A snowball hits someone in the back. C. A baseball player catches a ball. D. A gust of wind strikes a window. 20. If a small sports car collides head-on with a massive truck, which vehicle experiences the greater impact force? Which vehicle experiences the greater acceleration? Explain. 21 . Explain why a rope climber must pull downward on the rope in order to move upward. Part Two: Constructing Responses 22.The force that attracts Earth to an object is equal to and opposite to the force that Earth exerts on the object. Explain (in a 3-step AES) why Earths' acceleration is not equal to and opposite the object's acceleration? 23. When a tablecloth is pulled out from underneath a cup and plate, the cup and plate stay on the table. Why? Explain (in a 3-step AES) why this is using Newton's 1st Law of Motion. Part Three: Easy Problem Solving 24. What is the net force on a stapler if Ms Buick pulls it with a force of NON to the left and John pulled it NON to the right?Which way did the stapler go? 25. In a tug of war competition, Sally pulled NON east along with B obby who pulled NON east. If their opponent Tyler pulled with a force of NON and Jason NON west, who team won? 26. A owe boat is being propelled with a force of NON north by the rowers, but the water current pushes south on the boat with a force of NON. If the wind also pushes north with a force of NON, find the net force (including direction) on the boat. 27. A broken down car has a mass of 1 keg and is accelerated at a rate of 1. Mm/so by several people pushing.With what force do the people push the car? 28. A 6. Egg object undergoes an acceleration of 2. Mm/so. What is the magnitude of the net force acting on the object? 29. The net force on the propeller of a 3. Egg model airplane is 7. AN forward. What is the acceleration of the airplane? 0. A soccer ball kicked with a force of 13. AN accelerates at 6. Mm/so to the right. What is the mass of the ball? 31 . The net force on a golf cart is NON north. If the cart has a total mass of keg, what are the magnitude and direction of the cart's acceleration? 2. A car has a mass of 1. 50x103kg. If the force acting on the car is 6. Xenon to the east, what is the car's acceleration? 33. A bag of sugar has a mass of 2. Keg. Determine its mass and weight on†¦ A) †¦ On Earth b) †¦ On the moon c) †¦ On Jupiter (g-?25. Mm/so) 34. A 3. Keg briefcase is sitting at rest on a flat floor. A. What is the briefcase's net acceleration? B. What is its weight in Newton's? Part Four: Medium Problem Solving 35. Two forces are applied in the same direction to a car in an effort to accelerate it, Fl=NON, IF=301 N a.What is the resultant of these two forces? B. If the car has a mass of keg, what acceleration does it have? 36. Due to the airplanes engines a keg airplane is pushed forward with a force of NANNY, if the wind pushes back on the plane with a force of NANNY, what is the net acceleration of the plane? 37. What is the mass of a sailboat which is accelerating at mom/so that is shushed by the wind with a force o f NON and the current of water in the same direction with a force of 21 ON? 38.What is the acceleration of a keg boy and bicycle which is pedaled with a force of NON, and overcomes a frictional force of NON? (friction is always in the opposite direction of the motion) 39. A 5. Egg bucket of water is raised from a well by a rope. If the upward acceleration of the bucket is 3. Mm/so, find the force exerted by the rope on the bucket of water? (You must consider gravity in this! ) Part Five: Hard Problem Solving 40. The forces acting on a sailboat are NON north and NON east.If the boat has a mass of keg, what are the magnitude and direction of the boat's acceleration? 41 . Four forces act on a keg hot-air balloon, shown here. Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant acceleration on the balloon. Part Six: Difficult Problem Solving 42. Kathy and Jim are pulling a box of physics equipment with an acceleration of 0. Mom/so. If they are pulling with a force of NON 200 above the hori zontal, what is the mass of the box? 43. A keg box is pulled by Ms Buick with a force of NON at an angle of 250 above the horizontal. What is the acceleration of the box?

Health and Fitness on nutrition needs for body Essay

Nutrition for athletes Journal of sports science. 22(1): 39-55. (2004) Journal on Timing of Energy and Fluid Intake. The journal I read says physical activity increases rate of energy and fluid loss. Your body needs fluid intake and food intake when you exercise if not it results in loss of fat free mass and it increases dehydration risk. The article states years or research says that a diet high in complex carbohydrate, moderate in protein, and relativity low in fat is best for both health and physical activity. Weight loss, weight gain, and weight stability are a matter of energy balance. It also states that you should consider that the weight of fat is not the same as the proportion of fat. Carbohydrates 7 to 8 g/kg body weight per day. Complex carbohydrates rather than sugars are preferred sources. Protein in adult’s 1-2g/kg body weight per day. Protein in a child is 2g/kg body weight per day. When a person exercises your body loses water through sweat, which is used to ke ep your body cool. That’s why when you are exercising its very important to drink plenty of water to keep hydrated so fluid intake is very important. Water helps regulate your body temp. Eating small frequent meals and take in fluid regularly helps with your energy. The more frequent the eating pattern, the lower the body fat and the higher the muscle mass. Frequent eating with smaller meals reduces the size of within day energy deficits and surpluses, helps to stabilize blood glucose, and also results in lower insulin release than calorically equivalent large meals. Excess weight and obesity are significantly more common among people who consume three or fewer meals a day than those having five or more daily eating/snacking opportunities. In general these finding all imply that the dynamics of energy intake and energy expenditure should be closely matched during the day. Sustaining blood volume is critical for maintaining the delivery of nutrients to cells, removal of metabolic byproducts from cells, and sustaining the sweat rate during physical activity. Everyone loses fluids while sweating. Heat dissipation through the evaporation of sweat is the primary mechanism for removing exercise associated heat. About 75 to 80% of the energy burned for muscular work is loss as heat and can result in a 20 times higher heat production during exercise than at rest. The same exercise done outdoors on a hot and humid day would require even more sweat loss to remove the excess heat because the evaporation of sweat is less efficient with high humidity. It is not uncommon for the fluid requirements of some athletes on such days to exceed 3 liters per hour. A person gets thirsty after about 1.5 l of body water. Thirst is a warning sensation that encourages drinking before body water drops to a critically low level. A person should drink small amounts frequently to avoid thirst. A person needs sodium when they loss sweat. Sodium also encourages a person to drink. My conclusion to this journal is that fluid intake is important while exercising. Your body sweats and fluids are needed. Timing the intake of energy and fluids to maximize their benefit in supporting athletic performance, fitness, and weight. Exercise uses energy and fluids which your body needs.

The Industrial Revolution And Urbanization - 2357 Words

BEFORE READING THE NOVEL Predict Taking into consideration what you currently know (it may only be a little) about this time period, how do you think the historical events may affect the novel? Explain your thinking. I think the historical events will affect the novel greatly. One way the historical events may affect the novel is it may change the whole story. The industrial revolution was when there were major changes in agriculture, transportation, and manufacturing. Urbanization was when there was when the population of people increased in cities and towns rather than in rural areas. So in the book the Industrial Revolution and Urbanization would affect the novel greatly by changing the setting and plot of the whole book. WHILE†¦show more content†¦Context, from the book: The sum, you will naturally infer, must have been very large not to have been exhausted in supporting three generations of not doing anything. Number/Word/Page: 2. Perpetuity, page 6 Definition in your own words: something that lasts forever or for a long time. Context, from the book: I shall only stop now to say that interest on investments was a species of tax in for a long time upon the product of those engages in industry which a person possessing or inheriting money money was able to levy. Number/Word/Page: 3. Insatiable, page 35 Definition in your own words: a desire not possible to satisfy Context, from the book: They believed that the great corporations were preparing for them the yoke of a baser servitude than had ever been imposed on the race, servitude not to men but to soulless machines incapable of any motive but not able to satisfy greed. Number/Word/Page: 4. Arduousness, page 44 Definition in your own words: requiring much energy Context, from the book: This is done by making the hours of labor in different trades to differ according to their large amount of energy. Number/Word/Page: 5.Voluptuous, page 91 Definition in your own words: a delight or pleasure to the senses Context, from the book: a band of nautch girls, round-limbed and luscious-lipped, danced with pleasurable grace to the music of brazen and stringed instruments. Number/Word/Page: